Abstract Food waste is an emerging issue in terms of food policy; the most common cause of fruit and vegetable waste at a retailer, in addition to excess stock and consumer behaviour, is the lack of employees certified in food handling. Fruits and vegetables require specific handling and storing to avoid waste. The objective of this work was to survey the employees of fruit and vegetable sections in supermarkets to understand their experience and the reasons they believe products are wasted. The results show that most employees have secondary educations; the average age of these employees is 33 with at least one year working for the company; and no significant correlation was found between age and seniority in the company. In comparison to international supermarkets, national supermarkets train their employees less. Employees perceived the best-selling fruits to be bananas, apples, papayas, melons and pineapples and the vegetables to be tomatoes, onions, green peppers (serrano), and potatoes, which are essential in Mexican cuisine, and their perceptions of best-selling produce were related to waste, probably due to the widespread availability of these types of produce. One of the strategies to avoid wasting fruits and vegetables in good condition is donating them to food banks.

ABSTRACT This work synthesizes the valuations of the authors on the historical development of the professional guidance in United States, Europe and Latin America, with the pretense of identifying the tendencies of advanced in the field and to seat the theoretical bases that allow to contrast the prevalent conceptions in Cuba with the perspectives and models that have prevailed internationally, identifying the possibilities to apply, keeping in mind the characteristics of our educational project, the theories of vanguard in the field. It contains, also, an approach to the conceptualism process that takes place in this field and the positions assumed by the authors around the system conceptual of the same one. The work used the historical-logical, analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive methods. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the study, where it is shown that professional orientation has moved from prescriptive and managerial advice to the conception of the individual as an active subject, protagonist of a process of self-reflection for decision making and transition.

RESUMEN Este trabajo sintetiza las valoraciones de los autores sobre el desarrollo histórico de la orientación profesional en Estados Unidos, Europa y América Latina, con la pretensión de identificar las tendencias de avanzada en el campo y sentar las bases teóricas que permitan contrastar las concepciones prevalecientes en Cuba con las perspectivas y modelos que han predominado internacionalmente, identificando las posibilidades de aplicar, teniendo en cuenta las características de nuestro proyecto educativo, las teorías de vanguardia en este campo. Contiene, además, un acercamiento al proceso de reconceptualización y las posiciones asumidas por los autores en torno al sistema categorial del mismo. El trabajo empleó los métodos: Histórico-lógico, analítico- sintético e inductivo - deductivo. Los resultados alcanzados demuestran la efectividad del estudio donde se muestra que la orientación profesional ha transitado del asesoramiento prescriptivo y directivo, a la concepción del individuo como sujeto activo, protagonista de un proceso de autorreflexión para la toma de decisiones y la transición.

ABSTRACT Sternum chondrosarcoma is an infrequent malignant neoplasm which occurs mainly in adults over 50 years old. Grade 1 chondrosarcoma is the most frequent among the heterogenous group of tumors that fall into this classification, however, it is most frequently presented in the pelvic region, in long bones of the appendicular skeleton and in the costal region. The fact that it presents in the sternal region compromises the constitution of nearby organs. Due to radiotherapy and chemotherapy having a scarce therapeutic effect, we proceeded with surgical intervention where a wide resection of the sternal chondrosarcoma and liver metastasectomy was performed, subsequently, the chest wall was rebuilt using titanium plates and microsurgical right dorsal muscle flap. The final result was favorable. We present a conventional chondrosarcoma (grade 1) case at the xyphoid process level with liver metastasis.

RESUMEN El condrosarcoma de esternón es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente que se presenta mayormente en adultos mayores de 50 años. El condrosarcoma grado 1 es el más frecuente dentro del grupo heterogéneo de tumores que entran en esta clasificación, sin embargo, tiene una presentación más frecuente en la región pélvica, en huesos largos del esqueleto apendicular y en la región costal. El hecho de presentarse en la región esternal puede comprometer la constitución de órganos cercanos. Debido a que la radioterapia y la quimioterapia tienen un escaso efecto terapéutico se procedió con la intervención quirúrgica donde se realizó la resección amplia del condrosarcoma esternal y la metastasectomía hepática, posteriormente se reconstruyó la pared torácica mediante placas de titanio y un colgajo microquirúrgico de músculo dorsal ancho derecho. El resultado final fue favorable. Se presenta el caso de un condrosarcoma convencional (grado 1) a nivel del apéndice xifoides con metastásis a hígado.

Yellowfin tuna has a high level of free histidine in their muscle, which can lead to histamine formation by microorganisms if temperature abuse occurs during handling and further processing. The objective of this study was to measure levels of histamine in damaged and undamaged thawed muscle to determine the effect of physical damage on the microbial count and histamine formation during the initial steps of canning processing and to isolate and identify the main histamine-forming microorganisms present in the flesh of yellowfin tuna. Total mesophilic and psicrophilic microorganisms were determined using the standard plate method. The presence of histamine-forming microorganisms was determined in a modified Niven's agar. Strains were further identified using the API 20E kit for enterobacteriaceae and Gram-negative bacilli. Physically damaged tuna did not show higher microbiological contamination than that of undamaged muscle tuna. The most active histamine-forming microorganism present in tuna flesh was Morganella morganii. Other decarboxylating microorganisms present were Enterobacter agglomerans and Enterobacter cloacae. Physical damage of tune during catching and handling did not increase the level of histamine or the amount of microorganisms present in tuna meat during frozen transportation, but they showed a higher risk of histamine-forming microorganism growth during processing.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pressurization on the concentration of some antioxidant compounds and the antiradical efficiency during the ripening process of 'Ataulfo' mango. The fruits at physiological maturity stage were pressurized at 15, 30, or 60 MPa for 10 or 20 min. Control fruits were not pressurized. The fruits were stored at 25 °C and changes in the concentration of ascorbic acid, total phenols, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, and antiradical efficiency were evaluated. It was demonstrated that in 'Ataulfo' mango high hydrostatic pressure treatments at 60 and 30 MPa for 20 minutes induced the synthesis of ascorbic acid during storage maybe as a consequence of physiological changes and possible structural modification of the cells, while the fruits pressurized at 15 MPa showed no effect on this parameter. On the other hand, the use of 15 MPa for 10 minutes increased the synthesis of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and antiradical efficiency in 'Ataulfo' mango compared to that of the control fruit. In conclusion, this behavior seemed to be due to the low hydrostatic pressure treatments (15 Mpa), which stimulated the synthesis of antioxidants in the mango fruit and ripening was not inhibited.